Is Euthanasia Morally Permissible free essay sample

Is euthanasia morally permissible? Euthanasia has been hotly debated among the general public in society for many years and it has not reached the mutual agreement in many countries yet. However, the true value of life could not be replaced by anything. If people have any wrong decision on euthanasia, it would be an irretrievable regret. I am going to analyze euthanasia with Utilitarianism, Kantian ethics, Liberalism, Confucianism and religious values. Then, I will draw a conclusion to see if euthanasia is morally permissible or not. Have you heard about the story of Pun Chai (Tang Siu-pun)? In 2001, he had sent a letter to the Hong Kong Chief Executive and the legislators to plea to be allowed to die, thus this issue sparked a debate on euthanasia. And Now, Pun Chai changed his mind and said he wants to live, but he still believes that the choice to live or die is a human right. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Euthanasia Morally Permissible or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some of the patients plea to euthanasia, it is because they hope to get out of the pain from illness and treatment only. Just like what Pun Chai said in his letter, he wanted to die because he felt that he was lonesome, isolated, helpless and painful, he hoped to run away from these feelings. Death is not his desire but an escape from the reality. When there is another choice that can help him get rid of his loneliness; when his voice is heard and his feeling is cared, he is pleased with his life although he is still suffering from the same situation of illness. Therefore, the appeal to death is not actually the patients’ request by heart; this is just an expression of their emotions at that sorrow moment. Since these patients are undergoing a long therapy of treatment, there are fluctuations in their emotions. Under the influence of medicine, they may make a frustrated decision of euthanasia, which it is not appropriate to be considered seriously. The theory of Utilitarianism, as described by one of the most influential contributors Jeremy Bentham, was the greatest happiness or greatest felicity principle†. Some people said that euthanasia can bring happiness to the patients, and to let patients get out of pain. However, can anyone be certain that death is bringing the greatest happiness to them? Is death representing a kind of happiness to which the popular is looking forward? Will they still be happy to die if there is another way to relieve their pain and desperation? Certainly not. I think they will be much happier if they are being listened to and cared of. Pun Chai is exactly a good example. To be respected and looked after considerately; physical and psychological needs fulfilled, these bring them the greatest happiness, not the euthanasia. Bentham also emphasized that the utility action of the person must achieve the greatest pleasure for the greatest number, that is, it can benefit the most people. Some patients believe that euthanasia brings a large amount of happiness to them and their family. Are their families and friends happy to hear their death? Will their death bring any pleasure to the society? I don’t think so. On the other hand, if they still survive, they may bring some happiness to the society. Look at the example of Professor Stephen William Hawking, a famous theoretical physicist and cosmologist. He got amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a disease which would cost him almost all neuromuscular control. Although Hawking has this â€Å"incurable† disease, he never gives up his life. He uses his knowledge and excellent achievement in Physics and Cosmology to contribute to the society and almost the whole world is benefited. In Hong Kong, Pun Chai is another model. Now, he is a volunteer to help other disabled people like him. Also, he had complained to the government about neglecting the need of disabled people. And it is successful to strive for the welfare and additional allowance to the disabled people. This shows clearly that their survival can bring greater pleasure for the greater number than their death. Some people may say that we have the right to survive, so we also have the right to die. They think this is the liberty they should have. A famous philosopher in Liberalism John Stuart Mill argued in his influential essay â€Å"On Liberty† that since the condition of liberty is the power of the individual to make choices, any choice that one might make that would deprive one of the ability to make further choices should be prevented. Thus, for Mill, selling oneself into slavery or killing oneself should be prevented in order to avoid precluding the ability to make further choices. In Kantian Ethics, Kant believed that if something is right, it is right in all situations. Likewise, if something is wrong, it is wrong in all situations. Faced the issue of euthanasia, a Kantian would consider it as an act of murder. So, killing people is always wrong, this contradicts Kantian Ethics. Based on the idea of Confucianism, â€Å"Our bodies are subject to parents, we dare not harm it, it is a beginning of filial piety. †( ). Our bodies are born by our parents, and thus our bodies are not only belonged to ourselves but also our parents; if we hurt ourselves, it is totally against the principle of Hsiao. Loving our parents is the starting point before we extend to love other people. That is the most important virtue of Confucianism because it is the first virtue that we would develop. Let us look at euthanasia in a religious view. In Christianity and Catholicism, everyone is responsible for his life before God who has given it to him. It is God who remains the sovereign Master of life. We are obliged to accept life gratefully and preserve it for his honor and the salvation of our souls. We are stewards, not owners, of the life God has entrusted to us. It is not ours to dispose of. Euthanasia which is a kind of suicide contradicts the natural inclination of the human being to preserve and perpetuate his life. It is gravely contrary to the just love of self. It likewise offends love of neighbor because it unjustly breaks the ties of solidarity with family, nation, and other human societies to which we continue to have obligations. Euthanasia is contrary to love for the living God. It is seriously contrary to justice, hope, and charity. It is forbidden by the sixth commandment mentioned in the Holy Bible, â€Å"Thou shalt not kill†. It also violated the fifth commandment â€Å"Honor thy father and thy mother† since euthanasia is a grief to the parents. In Buddhism, one of the Five Precepts is â€Å"Do not kill†. One must not deliberately kill any living creatures, either by committing the act oneself, instructing others to kill, or approving of or participating in act of killing. It is a respect to others lives. In observing this precept, one must try to protect life whenever possible. Euthanasia is a destruction of life and should be refrained. In Hinduism, murdering ones own body is considered equally sinful as murdering another. Islam views suicide strictly as sinful and detrimental to ones spiritual journey; any person who dies by suicide and shows no regret for his wrongdoing will spend an eternity in hell, re-enacting the act by which he took his own life. Judaism views suicide as one of the most serious of sins. Suicide has always been forbidden by Jewish law. Hence, we can see that euthanasia which is a kind of suicide is prohibited in almost every religion. Besides, some interviews showed that those would-be suicides when saved and comforted by their family or friends would not attempt suicide again. Moreover, they started new lives and found the lives more meaningful. Some of them even volunteer to persuade others to treasure the lives. That means, those people are not really hope to die, they want to get the concerns and love from their family and friends only. Comparing with those people who plan for euthanasia, they have the same purpose; they want the concerns from others, too. They just want to reduce the bad feeling of sickness instead of death. According to Dr. Edwin Shneidman in his book â€Å"The Suicidal Mind† published in 1996, he stated that the purpose of suicide is to seek a solution, to illustrate the pain at the core of suicide, and to isolate the common stressor in suicide: frustrated psychological needs. He also said that suicide is an exclusively human response to extreme psychological pain, a lonely and desperate solution for the sufferer who can no longer see any alternatives. Therefore, what people really need and want is not death but a solution to their problems. And we should try to provide an alternative to them other than put them to death. Listed by Professor Robert F. Port of Indiana University in his study â€Å"Possible Human Instincts†, humans probably have instincts to sustenance, sex, defense, sociality, know/learn and talk. In short, these are instincts to survive than die. Humans who wanted to die may be in an abnormal mental state, such as influenced by depression or anxiety. Since this action is irrational and violating the instincts of human, accepting their decision of euthanasia is absurd. In Maslows Hierarchy, the first and second basic human needs are physiological and safety needs, those are basic needs to survive. The other three are belonging, self-esteem and self-actualization needs. Obviously, since these three needs are not fulfilled, patients lose the intention to live. So, even if they asked for euthanasia, what we should do is to perceive and help them to meet the needs on which they currently focused; then they will thank us for assistance in meeting their present needs rather than blaming us not helping them to die. On the other hand, the role of doctor is to heal not to kill. â€Å"The Oath of Hippocrates†, declares that â€Å"I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan†. The ability of physicians is to prescribe the best for the patient, not to harm them. In the â€Å"The Oath of Hippocrates†, it never sanctioned euthanasia which violated the belief, value and the practice of doctor. Moreover, how can we define an â€Å"incurable† disease? One disease is â€Å"incurable† today, but it may become curable tomorrow. No one can foresee or predict what will happen in the future. New medications and therapies are innovated everyday. Smallpox is once a mortal disease and it is now completely eliminated. Leprosy is incurable in the past and now the patient can recover completely after a 12-month treatment. Hence, if a patient knows that there is a way to cure their disease, will they still plea to euthanasia?

What We Dont Say

What We Dont Say We have opinions about so many things in our lives, but there are so many we dare not express aloud. For instance, these are sure to spark a conversation at a party: 1) Not liking Christmas.2) Not liking to read self-published books.3) Not liking Duck Dynasty.4) Not liking babies.5) Not liking marriage.6) Not liking gay marriage.7) Not liking Republicans (or Democrats).8) Not liking cats. Any one of those will have people verbally at each others throats in 2.3 seconds. So we keep our opinions to ourselves in a society thats supposed to be grounded in free speech. This is fertile ground for writing material. Magazine markets love having the common, acceptable way of thought turned on its ear somehow to make for a more intriguing feature piece. Novels become trendsetters when they take the etiquettely unspoken and elaborate keenly and obnoxiously on the subject. The common way of thought does not make for a bestseller. Yet we fear taking stands on controversial topics. However, you can take a subject, catch attention with it, and still come out on the other end not terribly unscathed. For instance: 1) You hate Christmas. However, what about a story that involves a bunch of Christmas-haters coming together? Makes for a good freelance piece, short story, or chapter in a book. 2) You hate reading self-published books. However, you can create a fabulous blog post or magazine piece on the specifics of what you disliked in, say, five self-pubbed books so that people realize that there are reasons so many self-pubbed books fall 3) You dont like Duck Dynasty. However, you can do an article talking about how your dislike for Duck Dynasty made you study why so many people from all levels of society still enjoy it? Whats the reason for such an anomaly? 4) You dont like babies. What a great piece about how society pushes people to live the standard family structure, and you show some very successful, happy, non-ba You get the picture. When a subject sparks debate, take notice. These are the subjects that command attention, and ultimately contracts and sales.

Analysis of How to Tame a Wild Tongue

How to tame a wild tongue is an article by Gloria Anzar Dua. This article focuses on different types of Spanish speaking, in that case Anzaldua focuses on losing an accent to fit the environment she lives in. The problem applied in this article is that Spanish said that Spanish articles were divided into various parts and not fully considered. . How to tame the summary and analysis of the wild tongue reveals the experience of American poet, critic, novelist and essayist Gloria Anzarduwa. The way to tame the wild tongue is the book Borderlands / La Frontera published in 1987. This is one of the major works that she believes is an important person in Cicano literature. This book is largely divided into two parts. The first part consists of seven papers, the second part has several poems. Our focus is on how to tame the wild tongue. In general, Borderlands / La Frontera emphasizes her experience as a woman living in a border with various countries and cultures. A woman like herself is c alled Mixed Blood as it explains it in a book. How to adjust the summary and analysis of wild tongue will focus on the view of Gloria  · Anzardua's language and identity. In this article I will explain the people of Chicano living on the border between the United States and Mexico. It also makes it clear that the conquest of Europe has political, spiritual and socio-economic impacts on indigenous peoples in the border areas. Most people think that language and identity are synonyms of each other? How to familiarize yourself with wild tongue analysis reveals to us that this may not be the case. Ethnic identity should be the basis of self-validation. Regardless of the negative reaction of others to diversity, anyone can self-verify. For a long time, Gloria Anzaldua caused others to make a negative reaction to her identity, as Chicano influences her self esteem. A general argument about tying her wild tongue Gloria Anzardua in her work How to tame a wild tongue is that barbarous word s can not be tamed, but can only be truncated is. More specifically, she believes that each of the different accents causes serious confusion in the great culture. In this article, I write as follows. We squeeze each other, talking like a tikanos, trying to meet Chikano trying to become a real ticanos. Finally, Anzaldua's idea is that this separation led to an internal struggle between Spanish cultures. In our opinion, Anzaldua is correct as well. Because one culture is suppressed by another culture. More specifically, each accent in Spanish tries to transcend other accent to gain control. Some people may object to the fact that it is still just a language, but we believe that having different accent may lead to understanding problems. This argument is

Globalization and Arab Spring Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Globalization and Arab Spring - Research Paper Example dared to rebel, especially because they knew that their messages and videos, uploaded to YouTube, which could be seen abroad and the worldwide media among others (Till, 2011). Consequently, the elements of globalization turned out to be decisive in inflicting a final blow to the cruel political systems prevailing in the Arab world. Social media, Mayfield (2008) asserts, could be stated as a group of new kinds of online media, which share the characteristics including participation, openness, conversation, community and connectedness, and brings the like-minded people closer to one another through its platform. Before embarking upon the topic under analysis, it would be advisable to define and discuss globalization and its impact on the Arab spring in a precise way, which is as following. The term globalization simply concentrates upon the expansion of multiculturalism in the wake of tremendous technological advancements that have paved the way towards fast communication processes bet ween the individuals and nations belonging to the pole-apart regions of the globe. In other words, globalization stands for the interconnectedness of the people at global scale through the sharing of technological equipments, corporate activities, cultural traits, social norms, political systems, religious values, traditional rituals and conventions at large. The term globalization, according to Brainpan, is not confined to few financial and industrial cooperation pacts between the nations; rather, the term refers to the integration of economies of the world through uninhibited trade and financial flows, as also through mutual exchange of technology and knowledge (Goyal, 2006:168). While expected by the political analysts one day or the other, the rebellions in Arab states were somewhat... The term globalization simply concentrates upon the expansion of multiculturalism in the wake of tremendous technological advancements that have paved the way towards fast communication processes between the individuals and nations belonging to the pole-apart regions of the globe. In other words, globalization stands for the interconnectedness of the people at global scale through the sharing of technological equipments, corporate activities, cultural traits, social norms, political systems, religious values, traditional rituals and conventions at large. The term globalization, according to Brainpan, is not confined to few financial and industrial cooperation pacts between the nations; rather, the term refers to the integration of economies of the world through uninhibited trade and financial flows, as also through mutual exchange of technology and knowledge (Goyal, 2006:168). While expected by the political analysts one day or the other, the rebellions in Arab states were somewhat horrendous for the world at large, which could not anticipate any dauntlessness move from the oppressed and suppressed subjects had been leading a miserable and pathetic life under the longstanding dictatorial regimes. Recent upheavals in Tunisia, Egypt, Yemen and Libya, according to Hoover (2011), have caught many by surprise as the order of things has proven protean in a way that official experts and conventional wisdom were largely blind to.

OnDemand Group (ODG) Strategic report Assignment

OnDemand Group (ODG) Strategic report - Assignment Example OnDemand Group (ODG) is a medium size British firm, as derived from its employees – about 140, as the relevant criterion is set in the definition of medium enterprises established by the European Union authorities (Europa 2011); the firm has managed to develop a wide network of activities globally, by continuously expanding the range of its activities and by developing important agreements with competitors in foreign markets. Currently, ODG is a member of SeaChange International, a US Corporation, a fact that has enhanced the internationalisation efforts of the organization. In UK, the media and entertainment industry, in which ODG operates is highly developed; in the future, the ability of the firm to face the market pressures, both in the internal and the external market, will be related with the success of the internationalisation process, an initiative developed by the firm’s managers in order to secure the competitiveness of the organization.... This view is based on the foreign direct investment theories which emphasize on the high costs usually related to the internationalisation attempts of modern organizations; it is noted that these costs can be higher from the expected benefits; for this reason, it is suggested that monopolistic advantages are available to firms entering the global market, in order for the deficits caused from high costs – and entry barriers – to be controlled (Krist 2009, p.26). On the other hand, Prashantham (2008) explains the internationalization of firms by referring to their network relations; it is made clear that firms which have an expanded ‘network of customers, suppliers or support agencies worldwide’ (Prashantham 2008, p.34) are most likely to decide entering the global market, based on this network’s support. Certain firms are likely to choose internationalization in order to enter neighbouring countries; these countries, usually, have similar cultural cha racteristics with the country of origin, a fact that facilitates the internationalization process. This mode of internationalization is quite common in Scandinavian firms and it is known as ‘sequential development internationalization model’ (Svetlicic et al. 2003, p.11). At this point, reference should be made to the view of Jones (2009) who noted that the internationalization of a firm should be decided at an early phase of organizational life because in this way the expected benefits can be increased (Jones 2009, p.41). The review of the internationalization efforts of OnDemand Group leads to the assumption that the particular process, which has been in progress almost since the establishment of the organization, has

Net present value Essay Example for Free

Net present value Essay This essay will discuss the net present value (NPV), payback period (PBP) and internal rate of return (IRR) approaches for a project evaluation. It is often said that NPV is the best approach investment appraisal, which I why I will compare the strengths and weaknesses of NPV as well as the two others to se if the statement is actually true. Introduction To start of, the essay will attempt to explain the theoretical rationale of the net present value approach to investment appraisal as well as its strengths and weaknesses. From there, introduce the payback period method and then internal rate of return approach, as well as to consider their strengths and weaknesses. After outlining and explaining the three different approaches, it will finish up with comparing the different three and in a conclusion. NPV Net present value or NPV is an approach used to determine the value of an investment today (present) compared to the value of the investment in the future after taking the inflation and return into account. In simpler words, it compares the value of 1 pound today with the same pound in the future. Net present value is used in capital budgeting to analyze the profitability of an investment. It is usually calculated using tables and spreadsheets such as Microsoft Excel, but the main formula used to calculate net present value looks like this: Where C0 = Cash outflow at time t=0 Ct = Cash inflow at time t r = The discount rate As Ross (2013) states in his book, a project should be accepted if the NPV is greater than zero and rejected if it is less than zero. This is known as the NPV rule. However, if the NPV is equal to zero, the manager of the company has to decide whether to accept or reject depending on several factors, such as there might be a better investment to be made elsewhere that might produce higher revenue. It will be a question of opportunity cost. The whole point of the rule is that if a firm accepts an investment with positive net present value, it will benefit the shareholders, as the value of the firm will increase (considering no other circumstances) by the amount of the NPV. This is called additivity, which means that the value of the firm is simply the value of the different divisions, projects, or other entities within the firm. Alexander (2000) states that any financial asset with an NPV greater than zero is referred to as underpriced, while any financial asset with an NPV less than zero is said to be overprices. A firm or company must always consider is the concept of ‘time value of money’ (TVM). TMV means that if ? 1 is invested today, say for instance in a bank or a fund, with an interest rate of 5 per cent per annum, in one year it will be ? 1. 05 because the bank compensates the investors for borrowing their money. The same would be if you reverse the equation. ?1 in a year with the same interest rate of 5 per cent equals ? 0. 9524 today (Weetman, 2010). The reason for discounting future cash flows according to Marney (2011) are because of three factors; inflation, risk and time impatience. In all countries there is some level of inflation that needs to be accounted for. It can lead to both higher and lower purchasing power of money. Risk is very hard du make accurate predictions for in the far future, and after the credit crunch of 2007-2008, very few dare to make them on variables like inflation and interest rates. Lastly is the factor of time impatience. Since mankind is born with some level of greed, people prefer money now rather than later. This can easily be reflected by the use of credit cards and loans in general. And as long as people want to lend and borrow, there is money to be made for lenders, as incentives are required with the gratification in the form of interest. The main advantage with the net present value technique according to Ross (2013) is that is uses cash flows, it includes all the cash flows of the project and that it rightly discounts the cash flows properly. The positive aspect of it using cash flows is that it determines when the project will earn its incomes, how soon they will come as well as how sizable they are going to be. What is meant when he states that it uses all the cash flows is that it acknowledges every single cash flow, regardless of the date or the size. The advantage for the shareholders of the firm is that it shows how much they can expect to get back from an investment as it takes into account the riskiness of the project and doesn’t ignore the time value of money. However, the NPV approach those have some disadvantages as well. The main disadvantage to the net present value approach is that it is sensitive to discount rates. The computations of NPV are a summary of multiple discounted cash flows that are converted into present value terms for the same point in time. This could affect the result both positively and negatively, and as said earlier, it is almost impossible to predict what the future brings. Let’s use the example given in the article â€Å"Uses, abuses and alternatives to NPV† by Ross (1995). If the current interest rate leads to a negative NPV, but in the future the interest rate decreases and leads to a positive NPV. The management or analyzers may miss out on a good investment opportunity if they sell the project early because with the current interest rate it is considered not profitable. Another example, let’s call it project a, could be if we were trying to value an investment that could cost your firm ? 10,000 up front today and was expected to pay you back ? 2,500 in annual profits for 5 years. This will lead to a total nominal amount of ? 12,500, beginning at the end of the first year. If we use a 4. 5 per cent discount rate in the NPV calculations, the five payments of ? 2,500 equals to ? 10,974. 94 of todays pounds. If we subtract the initial payment of ? 10,000, we’re left with a net present value of ? 974. 94. Now let’s try to do use the same number with the same length of a project, but use 9 per cent discount rate and call it project b. The firm will get a payment of ? 9,724. 13, which means they’ll have a NPV of considerably less, and will in fact end up loosing ? 275. 87 when the project is finished.

No Loner Mourn For Me Explication :: essays research papers fc

William Shakespeare â€Å"No Longer Mourn For Me When I Am Dead† Explication   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Read the sonnet with a sarcastic angry tone and a whole different meaning is found. He uses words and angry phrases that repeat and reflect off of each other. I believe the author does not want people to be saddened by his death. Not because he cares for the people but because he is angry. It is almost as if he sees his death as a last joke he had on them. In lines 3 and 4 he says   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Give warning to the world that I am fled,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From this vile world with vilest worms to dwell.† he repeats vile and seems to have a very angry tone. He says that this world is vile and that the people who dwell in it are worms. He has fled from that world and now he feels it is their turn to feel unwanted and angry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the line â€Å"Nay, if you read this line, remember not, the hand that writ it, for I love you so, that I in your sweet thoughts would be forgot, † he is being machiavellian, he points out that he loved her and is being a martyr about the fact that he thinks in her sweet thoughts she would forget him. His anger is surpassed by his death, now the one who he thought did not love him in life is stuck with out him forever because he is dead. â€Å"Do not so much as my poor name rehearse, But let your love even with my life decay,† He is saying do not think of me or speak my name after I am dead, but feel bad and let your love for me decay with his body.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Almost a suicide note of someone who is very angry, when read a certain way you can see totally different things in a poem. Last lines† Lest the wise world should look into your moan and mock you with me after I am gone.† The whole world and me are now mocking you because everyone knows what she has done.

Evaluation of Internship

1. Describe two difficult incidents or challenging situations that you experienced during your internship. The difficult challenging situations that I have experienced during the internship were at the Veranda restaurant and the Learning and development office. Firstly, I have difficulty to adapt myself from an undergraduate into the professional commis at the world top five star hotel’s, to be worked the Veranda restaurant.I need to learn and memorise the restaurant’s menus, name of the cutlery that I havn’t been using before, to get to know all the employeesand trainees, learn new manners and how should we deal with each of our guest and approach to our guest and also living in the Bangkok city which have one of the most difficult transportation.Secondly,the difficulty in the Learning and development (L&D) office is that the during the time that I’ve work is the low season in Bangkok which it is a good opportunity for the hotel and the L&D department to train and set big events for the staff such as the Walk Rally and L&D workshop in order to strengthen the relationship between co-workers and develop professional skills. L&D department have to contact many other departments within the hotel in order to get in touch with each employees.During the April, the Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group has choosed Mandarin Oriental Bangkok to run the L&D workshop conference which more than 20 of the L&D managers of Mandarin Oriental Hotel around the globe will come to the hotel to have conference for a week and during those time our department’s job were to set the delight events to welcome the managers and run the workshop. 2. Explain how you dealt with these situations and the impact your actions had on the other parties (customers, line managers, colleagues†¦) After a period of 2 first weeks, I have settled myself in an adaptation environment very well.The assistance from co-worker have aid me to go through the challenge without a do ubt. I get to know every staffs willingly, we play soccer every weekend. The chiefs have given me a lot of great guidance in term of servicing each guest. The manager has taught and inspire us to work. Overall the professional environment in the restaurant has automatically turned me into one of the professional. Every problem has been solved by the guidance and the training by the management team and the managers.Due to the small number of employees in L&D department, I get to know and close to each staff member very easily. Our team have a great team work, my trainer trained and taught me very well which allow me to get the job done very fast and efficient. The L&D team including me and other department within the hotel have put in large amount of effort to plan, set and run this big event. We have worked overtime to get the plan done before the workshop started. It is very fun to work and to get such sastisfaction from the L&D managers is one of the best thing I would’ve e ver imagine. 3.Identify alternative actions that you could have undertaken which would have possibly improved the outcomes in these situations. I could have copy the menu and study it after work to memoris the dishes. There is 2 menus in the restaurant which included the breakfast menu and the dinner menu, wine and beverage menu should have also done the same. This will allow me to learn the menu more quickly as in the working time I can not manage to learn the menu. I should have stay close more with the managers to get their advice, understand their point of view and gain more lesson from the expert’s experience.After the week of conference event, the L&D workshop conference was announced as one of the best workshop that have ever before by all the L&D managers. The event sastisfied every manager by delight welcoming events, lots of surprise and the assistance of the event from every department. There is nothing could have done better. Part 2 : IMPROVING PERSONAL OR INTERPE RSONAL SKILLS OVER A PERIOD OF TIME ( about 500 words) 1. Identify four (4) of your strengths and two (2) of your weaknesses that you experienced during your internship.Describe them in a working context. The strength that I have gained during this internship are the teamwork between co-worker, the Mandarin Oriental Bangkok team have taught everyone work collaborately to each other allowing their united effort to turn the hotel to be one of the leader in the world. Professional workmanship, the hotel have host many big world class events and service has been excellence for over centuries, being in the professional environment have gain me this strength.Company knowledge, the company have set many hospitality training for the staff, as a L&D trainee I have to attend to every meeting. The weakness that I experienced are the lack of effort, I have put most of effort at the first start of the internship and during the end, sometime I have not put enough amount of great effort into work but at the end I have improve myself brought out large amount of effort. Other weakness is that I should have take the internship longer as I only do it for 5 months.I have not learn enough and there is a lot of things that I have missed. 2. List specific actions / alternatives that may help you to improve these weaknesses. a. Set a statement, I should set a statement and point out my objective of what i should gain from this internship to allow me to learn everything I should or wanted to. b. Maximise internship period, This first internship I have taken only 5 months and have not learn enough but the the next one I will take longer than 5. 3.Determine a plan (actions and deadlines) that will keep you committed to this period of self-coaching. To set a statement won’t take long time for the action. I will only need to know which position/department I’m going to working in and set the objective of what I need to learn from the position/department. 4. How would you be a ble to fairly and accurately evaluate your improvements ? I would be fairly and accurately evaluate my improvements by the feedback of the co-workers. According to the exit interview with the Assistance L&D Manager.He has asked an tell me about my strengths and the weaknesses, what I have gained and what I have not gain, he has also asked what do I want to learn more from this internship. The Assistance L&D Manager have also evaluate my improment as at first of the start working I do not know the staff very well which cause me and the team communicate not very well but at the end after I have feedback from the L&D manager of how to work with the team, I have improve myself dramatically and efficiently.The Assistance L&D Manager and the team have been work with everyday during the intership period. The comments and the feedbacks from the co-worker are one of the most reliability evaluate of my improvement. APPENDICES 1. Copy of work certificate if applicable 2. Copy of a monthly sala ry statement. 3. One brochure of the establishment with valid room rates Your project must contain the following 3 parts: 1. A copy of your written report 2. A copy of your evaluation 3. Your appendices, brochure, pay slip and work certificate if applicableThe evaluation must be handed in at the same time as your report, no exceptions will be made. DEADLINE: Monday of week 2: Each class will be allocated a time slot, to hand in their report to the Academic Office. N. B. If you fail to submit your report and any of the other requested documents within the given deadline, you will be given a FAIL Students who are repeating their semester still need to submit their reports by the given deadline above, Monday of week 2 The report remains the property of GIHE. We suggest you prepare a second copy for your records.

You Low Essay

American literature is the written or literary work produced in the area of the United States and its preceding colonies. For more specific discussions of poetry and theater, see Poetry of the United States and Theater in the United States. During its early history, America was a series of British colonies on the eastern coast of the present-day United States. Therefore, its literary tradition begins as linked to the broader tradition of English literature. However, unique American characteristics and the breadth of its production usually now cause it to be considered a separate path and tradition. * | Colonial literature Owing to the large immigration to Boston in the 1630s, the high articulation of Puritan cultural ideals, and the early establishment of a college and a printing press in Cambridge, the New England colonies have often been regarded as the center of early American literature. However, the first European settlements in North America had been founded elsewhere many years earlier. Towns older than Boston include the Spanish settlements at Saint Augustine and Santa Fe, the Dutch settlements at Albany and New Amsterdam, as well as the English colony of Jamestown in present-day Virginia. During the colonial period, the printing press was active in many areas, from Cambridge and Boston to New York, Philadelphia, and Annapolis. The dominance of the English language was hardly inevitable. [1] The first item printed in Pennsylvania was in German and was the largest book printed in any of the colonies before the American Revolution. [1] Spanish and French had two of the strongest colonial literary traditions in the areas that now comprise the United States, and discussions of early American literature commonly include texts by Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca and Samuel de Champlain alongside English language texts by Thomas Harriot and John Smith. Moreover, we are now aware of the wealth of oral literary traditions already existing on the continent among the numerous different Native American groups. Political events, however, would eventually make English the lingua franca for the colonies at large as well as the literary language of choice. For instance, when the English conquered New Amsterdam in 1664, they renamed it New York and changed the administrative language from Dutch to English. From 1696 to 1700, only about 250 separate items were issued from the major printing presses in the American colonies. This is a small number compared to the output of the printers in London at the time. However, printing was established in the American colonies before it was allowed in most of England. In England restrictive laws had long confined printing to four locations: London, York, Oxford, and Cambridge. Because of this, the colonies ventured into the modern world earlier than their provincial English counterparts. [1] Back then, some of the American literature were pamphlets and writings extolling the benefits of the colonies to both a European and colonist audience. Captain John Smith could be considered the first American author with his works: A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Noate as Hath Happened in Virginia†¦ (1608) and The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles (1624). Other writers of this manner included Daniel Denton, Thomas Ashe, William Penn, George Percy, William Strachey, Daniel Coxe, Gabriel Thomas, and John Lawson. The religious disputes that prompted settlement in America were also topics of early writing. A journal written by John Winthrop, The History of New England, discussed the religious foundations of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Edward Winslow also recorded a diary of the first years after the Mayflower’s arrival. Other religiously influenced writers included Increase Mather and William Bradford, author of the journal published as a History of Plymouth Plantation, 1620–47. Others like Roger Williams and Nathaniel Ward more fiercely argued state and church separation. And still others, like Thomas Morton, cared little for the church; Morton’s The New English Canaan mocked the religious settlers and declared that the Native Americans were actually better people than the British. [2] Puritan poetry was highly religious in nature, and one of the earliest books of poetry published was the Bay Psalm Book, a set of translations of the biblical Psalms; however, the translators’ intention was not to create great literature but to create hymns that could be used in worship. [2] Among lyric poets, the most important figures are Anne Bradstreet, who wrote personal poems about her family and homelife; pastor Edward Taylor, whose best poems, the Preparatory Meditations, were written to help him prepare for leading worship; and Michael Wigglesworth, whose best-selling poem, The Day of Doom, describes the time of judgment. Nicholas Noyes was also known for his doggerel verse. Other late writings described conflicts and interaction with the Indians, as seen in writings by Daniel Gookin, Alexander Whitaker, John Mason, Benjamin Church, and Mary Rowlandson. John Eliot translated the Bible into the Algonquin language. Of the second generation of New England settlers, Cotton Mather stands out as a theologian and historian, who wrote the history of the colonies with a view to God’s activity in their midst and to connecting the Puritan leaders with the great heroes of the Christian faith. His best-known works include the Magnalia Christi Americana, the Wonders of the Invisible World and The Biblia Americana. Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield represented the Great Awakening, a religious revival in the early 18th century that asserted strict Calvinism. Other Puritan and religious writers include Thomas Hooker, Thomas Shepard, John Wise, and Samuel Willard. Less strict and serious writers included Samuel Sewall (who wrote a diary revealing the daily life of the late 17th century),[2] and Sarah Kemble Knight. New England was not the only area in the colonies; southern literature is represented by the diary of William Byrd of Virginia, as well as by The History of the Dividing Line, which detailed the expedition to survey the swamp between Virginia and North Carolina but which also comments on the different lifestyles of the Native Americans and the white settlers in the area. [2] In a similar book, Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West, William Bartram described in great detail the Southern landscape and the Native American peoples whom he encountered; Bartram’s book was very popular in Europe, being translated into German, French and Dutch. [2] As the colonies moved towards their break with England, perhaps one of the most important discussions of American culture and identity came from the French immigrant J. Hector St. John de Crevec? ur, whose Letters from an American Farmer addresses the question what is an American by moving between praise for the opportunities and peace offered in the new society and recognition that the solid life of the farmer must rest uneasily between the oppressive aspects of the urban life (with its luxuries built on slavery) and the lawless aspects of the frontier, where the lack of social structures leads to the loss of civilized living. [2] This same period saw the birth of African American literature, through the poetry of Phillis Wheatley and, shortly after the Revolution, the slave narrative of Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano. This era also saw the birth of Native American literature, through the two published works of Samson Occom: A Sermon Preached at the Execution of Moses Paul and a popular hymnbook, Collection of Hymns and Spiritual Songs, â€Å"the first Indian best-seller†. [3] The revolutionary period also contained political writings, including those by colonists Samuel Adams, Josiah Quincy, John Dickinson, and Joseph Galloway, a loyalist to the crown. Two key figures were Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine. Franklin’s Poor Richard’s Almanac and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin are esteemed works with their wit and influence toward the formation of a budding American identity. Paine’s pamphlet Common Sense and The American Crisis writings are seen as playing a key role in influencing the political tone of the period. During the revolution itself, poems and songs such as â€Å"Yankee Doodle† and â€Å"Nathan Hale† were popular. Major satirists included John Trumbull and Francis Hopkinson. Philip Morin Freneau also wrote poems about the war’s course. During the 18th century, writing shifted focus from the Puritanical ideals of Winthrop and Bradford to the power of the human mind and rational thought. The belief that human and natural occurrences were messages from God no longer fit with the new human centered world. Many intellectuals believed that the human mind could comprehend the universe through the laws of physics as described by Isaac Newton. The enormous scientific, economic, social, and philosophical, changes of the 18th century, called the Enlightenment, impacted the authority of clergyman and scripture, making way for democratic principles. The increase in population helped account for the greater diversity of opinion in religious and political life as seen in the literature of this time. In 1670, the population of the colonies numbered approximately 111,000. Thirty years later it was more than 250,000. By 1760, it reached 1,600,000. [1] The growth of communities and therefore social life led people to become more interested in the progress of individuals and their shared experience on the colonies. These new ideals are accounted for in the widespread popularity of Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography. Post-independence In the post-war period, Thomas Jefferson’s United States Declaration of Independence, his influence on the United States Constitution, his autobiography, the Notes on the State of Virginia, and his many letters solidify his spot as one of the most talented early American writers. The Federalist essays by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay presented a significant historical discussion of American government organization and republican values. Fisher Ames, James Otis, and Patrick Henry are also valued for their political writings and orations. Much of the early literature of the new nation struggled to find a uniquely American voice in existing literary genre, and this tendency was also reflected in novels. European forms and styles were often transferred to new locales and critics often saw them as inferior. First American novels It was in the late 18th and early 19th centuries that the nation’s first novels were published. These fictions were too lengthy to be printed as manuscript or public reading. Publishers took a chance on these works in hopes they would become steady sellers and need to be reprinted. This was a good bet as literacy rates soared in this period among both men and women. Among the first American novels are Thomas Attwood Digges’ â€Å"Adventures of Alonso†, published in London in 1775 and William Hill Brown’s The Power of Sympathy published in 1791. [1] Brown’s novel depicts a tragic love story between siblings who fell in love without knowing they were related. This epistolary novel belongs to the Sentimental novel tradition, as do the two following. In the next decade important women writers also published novels. Susanna Rowson is best known for her novel, Charlotte: A Tale of Truth, published in London in 1791. [4] In 1794 the novel was reissued in Philadelphia under the title, Charlotte Temple. Charlotte Temple is a seduction tale, written in the third person, which warns against listening to the voice of love and counsels resistance. In addition to this best selling novel, she wrote nine novels, six theatrical works, two collections of poetry, six textbooks, and countless songs. [4] Reaching more than a million and a half readers over a century and a half, Charlotte Temple was the biggest seller of the 19th century before Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Although Rowson was extremely popular in her time and is often acknowledged in accounts of the development of the early American novel, Charlotte Temple is often criticized as a sentimental novel of seduction. Hannah Webster Foster’s The Coquette: Or, the History of Eliza Wharton was published in 1797 and was also extremely popular. [5] Told from Foster’s point of view and based on the real life of Eliza Whitman, this epistolary novel is about a woman who is seduced and abandoned. Eliza is a â€Å"coquette† who is courted by two very different men: a clergyman who offers her the comfort and regularity of domestic life, and a noted libertine. She fails to choose between them and finds herself single when both men get married. She eventually yields to the artful libertine and gives birth to an illegitimate stillborn child at an inn. The Coquette is praised for its demonstration of this era’s contradictory ideals of womanhood. [6] Both The Coquette and Charlotte Temple are novels that treat the right of women to live as equals as the new democratic experiment. These novels are of the Sentimental genre, characterized by overindulgence in emotion, an invitation to listen to the voice of reason against misleading passions, as well as an optimistic overemphasis on the essential goodness of humanity. Sentimentalism is often thought to be a reaction against the Calvinistic belief in the depravity of human nature. [7] While many of these novels were popular, the economic infrastructure of the time did not allow these writers to make a living through their writing alone. [8] The first author to be able to support himself through the income generated by his publications alone was Washington Irving. He completed his first major book in 1809 entitled A History of New-York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty. [9] Charles Brockden Brown is another early American novelist, publishing Wieland in 1798, Ormond in 1799, and Edgar Huntly in 1799. These novels are of the Gothic genre. Of the picaresque genre, Hugh Henry Brackenridge published Modern Chivalry in 1792-1815; Tabitha Gilman Tenney wrote Female Quixotism: Exhibited in the Romantic Opinions and Extravagant Adventure of Dorcasina Sheldon in 1801; Charlotte Lennox wrote The Female Quixote in 1752, and Royall Tyler wrote The Algerine Captive in 1797. [7] Other notable authors include William Gilmore Simms, who wrote Martin Faber in 1833, Guy Rivers in 1834, and The Yemassee in 1835. Lydia Maria Child wrote Hobomok in 1824 and The Rebels in 1825. John Neal wrote Logan, A Family History in 1822, Rachel Dyer in 1828, and The Down-Eaters in 1833. Catherine Maria Sedgwick wrote A New England Tale in 1822, Redwood in 1824, Hope Leslie in 1827, and The Linwoods in 1835. James Kirke Paulding wrote The Lion of the West in 1830, The Dutchman’s Fireside in 1831, and Westward Ho! in 1832. Robert Montgomery Bird wrote Calavar in 1834 Niguel Miller and Tacoya Hughes and Nick of the Woods in 1837. James Fenimore Cooper was also a notable author best known for his novel, The Last of the Mohicans written in 1826. [7] Unique American style Edgar Allan Poe portrait. With the War of 1812 and an increasing desire to produce uniquely American literature and culture, a number of key new literary figures emerged, perhaps most prominently Washington Irving, William Cullen Bryant, James Fenimore Cooper, and Edgar Allan Poe. Irving, often considered the first writer to develop a unique American style[citation needed] (although this has been debated) wrote humorous works in Salmagundi and the satire A History of New York, by Diedrich Knickerbocker (1809). Bryant wrote early romantic and nature-inspired poetry, which evolved away from their European origins. In 1832, Poe began writing short stories – including â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death†, â€Å"The Pit and the Pendulum†, â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher†, and â€Å"The Murders in the Rue Morgue† – that explore previously hidden levels of human psychology and push the boundaries of fiction toward mystery and fantasy. Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales about Natty Bumppo (which includes The Last of the Mohicans) were popular both in the new country and abroad. Humorous writers were also popular and included Seba Smith and Benjamin P. Shillaber in New England and Davy Crockett, Augustus Baldwin Longstreet, Johnson J. Hooper, Thomas Bangs Thorpe, and George Washington Harris writing about the American frontier. The New England Brahmins were a group of writers connected to Harvard University and its seat in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The core included James Russell Lowell, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. Ralph Waldo Emerson. In 1836, Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882), an ex-minister, published a startling nonfiction work called Nature, in which he claimed it was possible to dispense with organized religion and reach a lofty spiritual state by studying and responding to the natural world. His work influenced not only the writers who gathered around him, forming a movement known as Transcendentalism, but also the public, who heard him lecture. Emerson’s most gifted fellow-thinker was perhaps Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862), a resolute nonconformist. After living mostly by himself for two years in a cabin by a wooded pond, Thoreau wrote Walden, a book-length memoir that urges resistance to the meddlesome dictates of organized society. His radical writings express a deep-rooted tendency toward individualism in the American character. Other writers influenced by Transcendentalism were Bronson Alcott, Margaret Fuller, George Ripley, Orestes Brownson, and Jones Very. [10] Just as one of the great works of the Revolutionary period was written by a Frenchman, so too was one of the great works about America from this generation, viz. , Alexis de Tocqueville’s two-volume Democracy in America, which (like the colonial explorers) described his travels through the young country, making observations about the relations between democracy, liberty, equality, individualism and community. The political conflict surrounding Abolitionism inspired the writings of William Lloyd Garrison and his paper The Liberator, along with poet John Greenleaf Whittier and Harriet Beecher Stowe in her world-famous Uncle Tom’s Cabin. These efforts were supported by the continuation of the slave narrative autobiography, of which the best known examples from this period include Frederick Douglass’s Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Harriet Jacobs’s Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. At the same time, Native American autobiography develops, most notably in William Apess’s A Son of the Forest and George Copway’s The Life, History and Travels of Kah-ge-ga-gah-bowh. Moreover, minority authors were beginning to publish fiction, as in William Wells Brown’s Clotel; or, The President’s Daughter, Martin Delany’s Blake; or, The Huts of America and Harriet E. Wilson’s Our Nig as early African American novels, and John Rollin Ridge’s The Life and Adventures of Joaquin Murieta: The Celebrated California Bandit, which is considered the first Native American novel but which also is an early story about Mexican American issues. Nathaniel Hawthorne. In 1837, the young Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804–1864) collected some of his stories as Twice-Told Tales, a volume rich in symbolism and occult incidents. Hawthorne went on to write full-length â€Å"romances†, quasi-allegorical novels that explore such themes as guilt, pride, and emotional repression in his native New England. His masterpiece, The Scarlet Letter, is the stark drama of a woman cast out of her community for committing adultery. Hawthorne’s fiction had a profound impact on his friend Herman Melville (1819–1891), who first made a name for himself by turning material from his seafaring days into exotic and sensational sea narrative novels. Inspired by Hawthorne’s focus on allegories and dark psychology, Melville went on to write romances replete with philosophical speculation. In Moby-Dick, an adventurous whaling voyage becomes the vehicle for examining such themes as obsession, the nature of evil, and human struggle against the elements. In another fine work, the short novel Billy Budd, Melville dramatizes the conflicting claims of duty and compassion on board a ship in time of war. His more profound books sold poorly, and he had been long forgotten by the time of his death. He was rediscovered in the early decades of the 20th century. Anti-transcendental works from Melville, Hawthorne, and Poe all comprise the Dark Romanticism subgenre of literature popular during this time. American dramatic literature, by contrast, remained dependent on European models, although many playwrights did attempt to apply these forms to American topics and themes, such as immigrants, westward expansion, temperance, etc. At the same time, American playwrights created several long-lasting American character types, especially the â€Å"Yankee†, the â€Å"Negro† and the â€Å"Indian†, exemplified by the characters of Jonathan, Sambo and Metamora. In addition, new dramatic forms were created in the Tom Shows, the showboat theater and the minstrel show. Among the best plays of the period are James Nelson Barker’s Superstition; or, the Fanatic Father, Anna Cora Mowatt’s Fashion; or, Life in New York, Nathaniel Bannister’s Putnam, the Iron Son of ’76, Dion Boucicault’s The Octoroon; or, Life in Louisiana, and Cornelius Mathews’s Witchcraft; or, the Martyrs of Salem. Early American poetry Walt Whitman, 1856. See also: American poetry. America’s two greatest 19th-century poets could hardly have been more different in temperament and style. Walt Whitman (1819–1892) was a working man, a traveler, a self-appointed nurse during the American Civil War (1861–1865), and a poetic innovator. His magnum opus was Leaves of Grass, in which he uses a free-flowing verse and lines of irregular length to depict the all-inclusiveness of American democracy. Taking that motif one step further, the poet equates the vast range of American experience with himself without being egotistical. For example, in Song of Myself, the long, central poem in Leaves of Grass, Whitman writes: â€Å"These are really the thoughts of all men in all ages and lands, they are not original with me †¦ † Whitman was also a poet of the body – â€Å"the body electric,† as he called it. In Studies in Classic American Literature, the English novelist D. H. Lawrence wrote that Whitman â€Å"was the first to smash the old moral conception that the soul of man is something ‘superior’ and ‘above’ the flesh. † Emily Dickinson (1830–1886), on the other hand, lived the sheltered life of a genteel unmarried woman in small-town Amherst, Massachusetts. Within its formal structure, her poetry is ingenious, witty, exquisitely wrought, and psychologically penetrating. Her work was unconventional for its day, and little of it was published during her lifetime. Many of her poems dwell on death, often with a mischievous twist. One, â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death†, begins, â€Å"He kindly stopped for me. † The opening of another Dickinson poem toys with her position as a woman in a male-dominated society and an unrecognized poet: â€Å"I’m nobody! Who are you? / Are you nobody too? † American poetry arguably reached its peak in the early-to-mid-20th century, with such noted writers as Wallace Stevens and his Harmonium (1923) and The Auroras of Autumn (1950), T. S. Eliot and his The Waste Land (1922), Robert Frost and his North of Boston (1914) and New Hampshire (1923), Hart Crane and his White Buildings (1926) and the epic cycle, The Bridge (1930), Ezra Pound, William Carlos Williams and his epic poem about his New Jersey hometown, Paterson, Marianne Moore, E. E. Cummings, Edna St. Vincent Millay and Langston Hughes, in addition to many others. Realism, Twain and James Mark Twain, 1907. Mark Twain (the pen name used by Samuel Langhorne Clemens, 1835–1910) was the first major American writer to be born away from the East Coast – in the border state of Missouri. His regional masterpieces were the memoir Life on the Mississippi and the novels Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Twain’s style – influenced by journalism, wedded to the vernacular, direct and unadorned but also highly evocative and irreverently humorous – changed the way Americans write their language. His characters speak like real people and sound distinctively American, using local dialects, newly invented words, and regional accents. Other writers interested in regional differences and dialect were George W. Cable, Thomas Nelson Page, Joel Chandler Harris, Mary Noailles Murfree (Charles Egbert Craddock), Sarah Orne Jewett, Mary E. Wilkins Freeman, Henry Cuyler Bunner, and William Sydney Porter (O. Henry). A version of local color regionalism that focused on minority experiences can be seen in the works of Charles W. Chesnutt (African American), of Maria Ruiz de Burton, one of the earliest Mexican American novelists to write in English, and in the Yiddish-inflected works of Abraham Cahan. William Dean Howells also represented the realist tradition through his novels, including The Rise of Silas Lapham and his work as editor of the Atlantic Monthly. Henry James (1843–1916) confronted the Old World-New World dilemma by writing directly about it. Although born in New York City, he spent most of his adult years in England. Many of his novels center on Americans who live in or travel to Europe. With its intricate, highly qualified sentences and dissection of emotional and psychological nuance, James’s fiction can be daunting. Among his more accessible works are the novellas Daisy Miller, about an enchanting American girl in Europe, and The Turn of the Screw, an enigmatic ghost story. Realism also influenced American drama of the period, in part through the works of Howells but also through the works of such Europeans as Ibsen and Zola. Although realism was most influential in terms of set design and staging—audiences loved the special effects offered up by the popular melodramas—and in the growth of local color plays, it also showed up in the more subdued, less romantic tone that reflected the effects of the Civil War and continued social turmoil on the American psyche. The most ambitious attempt at bringing modern realism into the drama was James Herne’s Margaret Fleming, which addressed issues of social determinism through realistic dialogue, psychological insight and symbolism; the play was not a success, as critics and audiences alike felt it dwelt too much on unseemly topics and included improper scenes, such as the main character nursing her husband’s illegitimate child onstage. Beginning of the 20th century Ernest Hemingway in World War I uniform. At the beginning of the 20th century, American novelists were expanding fiction’s social spectrum to encompass both high and low life and sometimes connected to the naturalist school of realism. In her stories and novels, Edith Wharton (1862–1937) scrutinized the upper-class, Eastern-seaboard society in which she had grown up. One of her finest books, The Age of Innocence, centers on a man who chooses to marry a conventional, socially acceptable woman rather than a fascinating outsider. At about the same time, Stephen Crane (1871–1900), best known for his Civil War novel The Red Badge of Courage, depicted the life of New York City prostitutes in Maggie: A Girl of the Streets. And in Sister Carrie, Theodore Dreiser (1871–1945) portrayed a country girl who moves to Chicago and becomes a kept woman. Hamlin Garland and Frank Norris wrote about the problems of American farmers and other social issues from a naturalist perspective. More directly political writings discussed social issues and power of corporations. Some like Edward Bellamy in Looking Backward outlined other possible political and social frameworks. Upton Sinclair, most famous for his muck-raking novel The Jungle, advocated socialism. Other political writers of the period included Edwin Markham, William Vaughn Moody. Journalistic critics, including Ida M. Tarbell and Lincoln Steffens were labeled The Muckrakers. Henry Brooks Adams’ literate autobiography, The Education of Henry Adams also depicted a stinging description of the education system and modern life. Experimentation in style and form soon joined the new freedom in subject matter. In 1909, Gertrude Stein (1874–1946), by then an expatriate in Paris, published Three Lives, an innovative work of fiction influenced by her familiarity with cubism, jazz, and other movements in contemporary art and music. Stein labeled a group of American literary notables who lived in Paris in the 1920s and 1930s as the â€Å"Lost Generation†. The poet Ezra Pound (1885–1972) was born in Idaho but spent much of his adult life in Europe. His work is complex, sometimes obscure, with multiple references to other art forms and to a vast range of literature, both Western and Eastern. He influenced many other poets, notably T. S. Eliot (1888–1965), another expatriate. Eliot wrote spare, cerebral poetry, carried by a dense structure of symbols. In The Waste Land, he embodied a jaundiced vision of post–World War I society in fragmented, haunted images. Like Pound’s, Eliot’s poetry could be highly allusive, and some editions of The Waste Land come with footnotes supplied by the poet. In 1948, Eliot won the Nobel Prize in Literature. Stein, Pound and Eliot, along with Henry James before them, demonstrate the growth of an international perspective in American literature, and not simply because they spend long periods of time overseas. American writers had long looked to European models for inspiration, but whereas the literary breakthroughs of the mid-19th century came from finding distinctly American styles and themes, writers from this period were finding ways of contributing to a flourishing international literary scene, not as imitators but as equals. Something similar was happening back in the States, as Jewish writers (such as Abraham Cahan) used the English language to reach an international Jewish audience. And a small group of Arab American writers known as the Al-Rabitah al-Qalamiyah (a. k. a. the â€Å"New York Pen League†) and under the leadership of Khalil Gibran, were absorbing modernist European influences and thereby introduced innovative forms and themes into Arabic-language literature. American writers also expressed the disillusionment following upon the war. The stories and novels of F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896–1940) capture the restless, pleasure-hungry, defiant mood of the 1920s. Fitzgerald’s characteristic theme, expressed poignantly in The Great Gatsby, is the tendency of youth’s golden dreams to dissolve in failure and disappointment. Fitzgerald also elucidates the collapse of some key American Ideals, set out in the Declaration of Independence, such as liberty, social unity, good governance and peace, features which were severely threatened by the pressures of modern early 20th century society. Sinclair Lewis and Sherwood Anderson also wrote novels with critical depictions of American life. John Dos Passos wrote about the war and also the U. S. A. trilogy which extended into the Depression. F. Scott Fitzgerald, photographed by Carl van Vechten, 1937. Ernest Hemingway (1899–1961) saw violence and death first-hand as an ambulance driver in World War I, and the carnage persuaded him that abstract language was mostly empty and misleading. He cut out unnecessary words from his writing, simplified the sentence structure, and concentrated on concrete objects and actions. He adhered to a moral code that emphasized grace under pressure, and his protagonists were strong, silent men who often dealt awkwardly with women. The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms are generally considered his best novels; in 1954, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature. Five years before Hemingway, another American novelist had won the Nobel Prize: William Faulkner (1897–1962). Faulkner managed to encompass an enormous range of humanity in Yoknapatawpha County, a Mississippian region of his own invention. He recorded his characters’ seemingly unedited ramblings in order to represent their inner states, a technique called â€Å"stream of consciousness†. (In fact, these passages are carefully crafted, and their seemingly chaotic structure conceals multiple layers of meaning. ) He also jumbled time sequences to show how the past – especially the slave-holding era of the Deep South – endures in the present. Among his great works are Absalom, Absalom! , As I Lay Dying, The Sound and th .

Free Essays on Palestinian

Introduction This paper will provide an overview of the Palestinian Liberation Organization, including its early history and its rise to prominence during the Intifada that began in 1987. It will also include a description of Yasser Arafat's ascendancy to the leadership of the PLO, a position that earned him the right to speak for all Palestinians by virtue of the peace framework signed by him and the former Israeli Prime Minister Yitsak Rabin in 1993. Â   Early History Growing Palestinian activism in the early part of the 1960's provided the impetus for the convening of the first summit conference of Arab leaders in 1964 to plan a unified response to Israeli plans to divert some of the waters of the Jordan River. This activism influenced the decision, made at that conference, to create the PLO. It also precipitated the slide of the Arab states into the June 1967 war with Israel. In the mid-1960's the Arab regimes were again haunted by a force they had not had to deal with since 1948: a Palestinian nationalist movement that, in spite of being divided into several underground groups, could exert great pressure on them by playing on public opinion and inter-Arab pressures. During the early and middle 1960's dissatisfaction with the Arab status quo fueled the growth of Palestinian nationalist groups. Most successful was Fatah, headed by Yasser Arafat (discussed below) which began military operations against Israel on Jan. 1, 1965, with an attack on the Israeli national water carrier project to transfer water from the Jordan River to the south of Israel. Although little more than pinpricks to the Israelis, these attacks were effective armed propaganda in the Palestinians' political offensive to force the Arab regimes, particularly Egypt under Gamal Abd al-Nasser, to practice what they preached regarding Pa... Free Essays on Palestinian Free Essays on Palestinian Introduction This paper will provide an overview of the Palestinian Liberation Organization, including its early history and its rise to prominence during the Intifada that began in 1987. It will also include a description of Yasser Arafat's ascendancy to the leadership of the PLO, a position that earned him the right to speak for all Palestinians by virtue of the peace framework signed by him and the former Israeli Prime Minister Yitsak Rabin in 1993. Â   Early History Growing Palestinian activism in the early part of the 1960's provided the impetus for the convening of the first summit conference of Arab leaders in 1964 to plan a unified response to Israeli plans to divert some of the waters of the Jordan River. This activism influenced the decision, made at that conference, to create the PLO. It also precipitated the slide of the Arab states into the June 1967 war with Israel. In the mid-1960's the Arab regimes were again haunted by a force they had not had to deal with since 1948: a Palestinian nationalist movement that, in spite of being divided into several underground groups, could exert great pressure on them by playing on public opinion and inter-Arab pressures. During the early and middle 1960's dissatisfaction with the Arab status quo fueled the growth of Palestinian nationalist groups. Most successful was Fatah, headed by Yasser Arafat (discussed below) which began military operations against Israel on Jan. 1, 1965, with an attack on the Israeli national water carrier project to transfer water from the Jordan River to the south of Israel. Although little more than pinpricks to the Israelis, these attacks were effective armed propaganda in the Palestinians' political offensive to force the Arab regimes, particularly Egypt under Gamal Abd al-Nasser, to practice what they preached regarding Pa...

Analysing factors effecting Foreign Direct Investment in China Essay

Analysing factors effecting Foreign Direct Investment in China - Essay Example Southeast China in particular has become a hotbed of business activity. Presently, China is actively encouraging trade with the West, and it is a major trading partner of the United States. Despite this progress, many U.S. and European multinationals find that doing business in the PRC can be a long, gruelling process that often results in failure. One primary reason is that Western-based MNCs do not understand the role and impact of Chinese culture. The country launched its open door policy 26 years ago. Since the policy introduction the FDI flows in the country received a quick response. In 2004 China was at no.2nd position in the world of FDI with $64 billion. The Chinese FDI trends can be examined in two phases. In the third phase Deny Xiaoping opened China for overall economic reform. The phase was very fruitful for China. The government introduced new policies and market oriented economic reform. In result of these reforms the FDI's started flowing into the Chinese economy at rocket speed. In November 1999 US-China had an agreement regarding the WTO, according to which many new reforms were made (Sandra, 2001) those included In the first six months of 2002, act... One primary reason is that Western-based MNCs do not understand the role and impact of Chinese culture. Since the last few decades there has been a multifold increase in the FDI in China. The Chinese economy has now gaining the power of effecting the decisions of the economic bodies of the world. History of FDI growth in China: The country launched its open door policy 26 years ago. Since the policy introduction the FDI flows in the country received a quick response. In 2004 China was at no.2nd position in the world of FDI with $64 billion. The Chinese FDI trends can be examined in two phases. First phase: 1979-82 Second phase: 1984-91 Third phase: 1992-99 In the first phase the government establish for special zones with incentive policies. Although there was a high inflow into those regions, the total FDI flow reached US $ 1.8 billion. In the second phase the provinces were opened and recorded US $ 10.3 billion. In 1989 however the trend dropped. In the third phase Deny Xiaoping opened China for overall economic reform. The phase was very fruitful for China. The government introduced new policies and market oriented economic reform. In result of these reforms the FDI's started flowing into the Chinese economy at rocket speed. In November 1999 US-China had an agreement regarding the WTO, according to which many new reforms were made (Sandra, 2001) those included The sectors relating to the distribution services will be opened for repair and maintenance and China will phase in trading rights and distribution services over three years. The Government for the investment opened the telecommunication industry of China. The professionals were also allowed access to the service markets of China. The services included according, consulting, Information

BestBuy - Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BestBuy - - Case Study Example Best Buy Company has made it a priority to center their marketing and trade operations by better recognizing and identifying the consumer approach dynamics to electronic retail purchasers. Consumer behavior are those acts of individual consumers that directly involve obtaining and using economic goods and services including decision that are determined in this acts. It can also be identified as the behavior that the consumers exhibit in planning, purchasing, and using goods as well as services. The knowledge of consumer behavior implemented by Best Buy Company has helped it in securing consumers a process known as consumer royalty. To attain this, the company started by making consumer profiles. The company then trained its employees to focus on specific customers, rather than product and modify them to the needs of the customers. This understanding of the consumer behavior helped the company. The implementation of this model helped the company get a better feedback in what the consumers really needed. The company started to target their products to the consumers by analyzing how their purchase decisions are made. Through â€Å"customer centricity,† the company is able to identify different customers, and groups of people depending on their desires, roles, and lifestyles. This enabled the company to focus on the consumers’ needs. Through the knowledge of consumer behavior, the company understood the customer as the most important asset of the company. They therefore drove forward to ensure their consumers obtained optimal satisfaction with the products that they developed. This move created a great impact in Best Buy Company to make it the largest electronics retailor. One of the advantages that â€Å"customer centricity† brought about to the Best Buy Company is that it brought knowledge to the company of the decisions and their needs. This helped improve best buys